Skeletal System 4

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Skeletal System 4...

Skeletal System 4:

Above the foramen protrude two wing like bony structures called the transverse processes. The roof of the foramen contains the spinous process and the articular processes.

The thoracic area of the body is protected and supported by the thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum.

The sternum is divided into three parts: the upper region or the manubrium, the body and the lower cartilaginous part called the xyphoid process. Attached to each side of the sternum by means of ligaments are the two clavicles or collar bones.

Seven pairs of costal cartilages join seven pairs of ribs directly to the sternum. These are known as the true ribs. The human body contains twelve pairs of ribs. The first seven pairs are the true ribs and the next three pairs are false ribs. Their costal cartilages are attached to the 7th rib instead of directly to the sternum. Finally, the last two pairs of ribs connected neither to the costal cartilages or the sternum are the floating ribs.

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

The appendicular skeleton includes the bones in the upper and lower extremities. There are 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton.

SHOULDER GIRDLE

Consists of four bones; 2 curved clavicles and 2 triangular scapulae. The scapulae permit the attachment of muscles which assist in arm movement while also serving as a place of attachment for the arms. The 2 clavicles attach at one end to the sternum help to brace the shoulders and prevent excessive forward motion.

ARM- The bone structure of the arm consists of the humerus, radius and the ulna. The humerus is the second largest bone in the body. The upper end of the humerus has a smooth, round surface called the head which articulates with the scapula. The upper humerus is attached to the scapula socket or the glenoid fossa by muscles and ligaments. These muscles are the biceps and the triceps brachii.

FOREARM

Is composed of the radius and the ulna. The radius allows the hand to rotate freely and have great flexibility. The ulna is far more limited. The ulna is larger than the radius and at it’s upper end there is a projection called the olecranon process which forms the elbow.

HAND

The human hand is a remarkable piece of engineering and dexterity.

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