Bones & Skeletal System Lecture Note

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Bones & Skeletal System Lecture Note...

BONES AND THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

I Overview

A. Introduction

B. Functions

C. Types of Bones

D. Divisions

II Axial Skeleton

A. Skull

1. cranium

a. calvaria (cranial vault)

b. floor

2. facial bones

3. sutures (immovable joints)

4. fetal skull

a. fontanelles

b. proportions

5. paranasal sinuses

B. Vertebral Column

1. types of vertebrae

2. generalized vertebra

a. parts and function

3. curves

a. development

b. normal

c. abnormal: lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis

4. discs

a. structure: shape and substance

b. herniated

5. ligaments

a. anterior longitudinal ligament

b. posterior longitudinal ligament

c. ligamentum flavum

C. Rib Cage

1. Sternum: manubrium, gladiolus, xiphoid process

2. Ribs: true, false, floating

III Appendicular Skeleton

A. Divisions

B. Girdles

1. pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula

2. pelvic girdle: os coxae and sacrum

a. pelvic inlet and outlet

b. male vs. female

C. Limbs

IV Bones: Organs of System

A. Anatomy of a long bone

1. diaphysis

2. epiphysis

3. epiphyseal cartilage (plate, line)

4. articular cartilage

5. periosteum

a. nourishment

b. attachment for ligaments and tendons

c. osteogenesis

6. types of bone tissue

a. spongy bone (by epiphyses)

spaces, trabeculae, red marrow

b. compact bone (by periosteum)

dense, atop spongy bone

7. medullary cavity

a. yellow marrow (red marrow in flat bones)

9. endosteum

a. nourishment

b. remodeling

osteogenesis

bone reabsorption

V Histology of Bone (Osseous tissue)

A. Connective tissue

1. cells

a. osteoblasts

b. osteocytes

c. osteoclasts

2. matrix (intercellular substance)

a. collagen fibers

b. hydroxyapatites

3. organization of compact bone

a. central canal

b. lamellae

c. caniliculi

d. lacunae

B. Formation

1. intramembranous ossification

a. fontanels

2. endochondral ossification

VI Arthrology (Study of Joints, Articulations)

A. Classification by function

1. synthroses - immovable

2. amphiarthroses - slightly movable, fibrous connection

3. diarthroses (synovial joints) - freely movable

a. articular capsule

b. synovial membrane

c. articular cartilage

d. reinforcing ligaments

e. bursae (synovial sheath)

4. movement vs. stability

B. Synovial joints

1. types

a. ball and socket

b. hinge

c. pivot

d. plane (sliding)

C. Problems

1. luxation (dislocation)

2. bursitis

3. rheumatism

a. arthritis

rheumatoid

osteoarthritis

gout

VII Common Terms

Cranium - Protects brain

Maxilla - Cheekbone

Mandible - Jawbone

Humerus - Upper Arm

Clavicle - Collarbone

Scapula - Shoulder blade

Sternum - Breastbone

Ribs - Rib cage, protects heart and lungs

Vertebral column - Spine, protects spinal cord

Ulna - Lower arm (pinky side)

Radius - Lower arm (thumb side)

Sacrum - Tailbone

Carpals - Wrist

Metacarpals - Hand

Phalanges - Fingers and toes

Femur - Thigh bone

Patella - Knee cap

Fibula - Lower leg (small)

Tibia - Shinbone

Tarsals - Ankles

Metatarsals - Foot

Pelvis - Hipbone

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